Joseph Isangura
Sexually transmitted infections, commonly referred to as STIs, remain a significant public health concern worldwide, with bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections all posing unique risks.
In an exclusive interview with Media Wire Express for the “Wellness Tips” program, Dr. Anna Graham, a women’s health specialist at CCBRT Hospital, provided comprehensive insights into the causes, symptoms, complications, and prevention strategies for STIs.
Dr. Graham explained that bacterial STIs include infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, mycoplasma genitalium, and syphilis. Viral STIs include human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes, and blood-borne viruses like HIV and hepatitis B and C. Parasitic STIs include conditions such as pubic lice and trichomoniasis, which can cause vaginal infections. Globally, HPV is considered the most common STI, though the body often clears it naturally, and vaccination can significantly reduce risk. Genital herpes and chlamydia are also prevalent, though many STIs are asymptomatic, making testing crucial.
According to Dr. Graham, symptoms vary widely depending on the infection. Common signs may include changes in genital discharge, irregular vaginal bleeding, testicular pain, abdominal pain, ulcers, or rashes. More systemic infections, such as HIV and syphilis, may present with flu-like symptoms or swollen lymph nodes. She emphasized that the absence of symptoms does not rule out infection, highlighting the importance of regular testing.
Screening typically involves a combination of physical examination and laboratory tests. For men, examination may focus on the penis and testicles, while for women, both external genitalia and cervical inspections are conducted. Swabs, urine samples, and blood tests help diagnose bacterial and viral infections, including HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis.
Dr. Graham highlighted the serious long-term complications associated with untreated STIs. For example, chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), scarring of the fallopian tubes, infertility, ectopic pregnancies, and chronic pelvic pain. STIs can also cause psychological distress due to stigma, which is why confidential testing and early intervention are critical.
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Preventive measures include condom use, limiting sexual partners, and vaccination against HPV and hepatitis B. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can significantly reduce the risk of HIV transmission. Antiretroviral treatment for those living with HIV can make the virus undetectable, effectively preventing transmission to sexual partners. Dr. Graham emphasized that even a single partner can transmit an STI, underlining the need for protective practices and open communication between partners.
For pregnant women, STI screening is particularly important. Untreated infections can lead to miscarriage, preterm labor, congenital syphilis, fetal malformations, and neonatal complications. Regular prenatal testing for HIV and syphilis ensures timely treatment and reduces transmission risk.
Dr. Graham stressed the importance of public education to reduce stigma around STIs and encourage responsible sexual health practices. She also recommended consulting reliable resources, such as the World Health Organization and the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV, for accurate information.
Early detection, treatment, and vaccination, coupled with safe sexual practices, remain key strategies to control the spread of STIs. Dr. Graham concluded that maintaining sexual health is not just about avoiding disease—it is about fostering well-being, confidence, and responsible sexual behavior.
